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In politics, representation describes how some individuals stand in for others or a group of others, for a certain time period. Representation usually refers to representative democracies, where elected officials nominally speak for their constituents in the legislature. Generally, only citizens are granted representation in the government in the form of voting rights; however, some democracies have extended this right further. ==Theories== Hanna Fenichel Pitkin established four theories of representation in her philosophical writing on this subject:〔(Political Representation ) - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy〕 #Formalistic Representation, including: ##Authorization ##Accountability #Symbolic Representation #Descriptive Representation, and #Substantive Representation Scientific research addresses some of the preceding forms of representation, but it also distinguishes dyadic and collective forms, which are explained below. Scientific research has also identified several alternative "models" or alternative versions of how dyadic representation might come about, especially including instructed delegate, responsible party, and trustee ones. The goal of scientific research is to develop systematic theory that accounts for the character of collective and dyadic representation and, in the latter case, for the conditions under which these alternative models arise. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Representation (politics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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